This study investigates the temperature distribution across solar cells on the surface of a solar panel, specifically focusing on the effect of anti-reflective coating homogeneity. The research aims to analyze how temperature variations affect power output and performance ratio under high solar radiation and ambient temperature conditions in Baghdad, Iraq. Using a photovoltaic (PV) analyzer and a thermal imaging camera, the study measures the electrical characteristics and thermal distribution of an 80 Wp monocrystalline solar panel. The results reveal a significant decrease in performance ratio as solar cell temperatures rise, with values such as 88.7% at 35.5 W, 85.2% at 40.88 W, and 78.8% at 44.56 W. These findings underscore the importance of maintaining uniform anti-reflective coatings and effective heat dissipation to enhance solar panel efficiency. The study provides valuable insights for optimizing solar panel performance in high-temperature environments and suggests directions for future research on improving thermal management in photovoltaic systems.

Necroptosis, as a novel concept, has been recently introduced in scientific literature. Much of our knowledge about necroptosis comes from ligation of tumor necrosis factor-α to its receptor, TNF receptor 1. Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1, receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 and its substrate, the pseudo kinase mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein, have been comprehensively studied as influential components of this process. Emerging pioneering evidence suggests that many molecules, organelles and mechanisms are involved in necroptosis pathway.The aim of this review is presentation of molecular mechanisms of necroptosis in three phases including initiation, regulation and execution of necroptosis. Moreover, this review will summarize unprecedented insights into the contribution of various organelles and cell compartments such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, lysosomes and Golgi apparatus in necroptosis pathway.

In this paper, neuron cell's action potential and its effective parameters over beating are analyzed. Cell's action potential mechanism can be simulated by fabrication of an equivalent circuit for directed ionic currents using a neuron modeling oscillator. Equivalent circuit consists of capacitor, resistor and transistor. Changing membrane properties such as capacitance and sodium-potassium leakage resistance causes a significant change in action potential. Then, the neuron cell moduling circuit is implemented in microcontroller. The equations should be digitized in order to be sent to microcontroller. Therefore, a discrete algorithm is presented to solve the equations and FHN equations are solved and simulated in discrete form. Then, microcontroller is programmed by the generated hex file of solved equations. In fact, each parameter of the model can be controlled in the fabricated circuit so that it becomes a proper simulator for cellular behavior such as disease and cells malfunction.

Modeling and simulation play a critical role in designing, developing, and predicting the performance of photovoltaic systems. This paper aims to develop a new approach to simulate a solar cell's electrical and thermal performance under various environmental conditions. Heat and temperature modeling in a commercial silicon solar cell has been performed by calculating heat losses via heat transfer method. The effects of environmental conditions on the temperature distribution and electrical efficiency of the solar cell, such as variations in the intensity of sunlight using a concentrator, ambient temperature, and wind speed, have also been investigated. Increasing the intensity of sunlight by using a concentrator will increase the output power of the solar cell. The simulation results show that under standard test conditions (STC), the output power of the modeled solar cell without a concentrator is 14.3 mW/cm2, whereas the output power of the same cell in the presence of a concentrator device with a concentration ratio of two is 25.7 mW/cm2. On the other hand, as temperature rises, the efficiency and output power of the solar cell decreases by 0.4-0.5 %/oC in both concentrator and non-concentrator modes. Also, the obtained results indicate that as wind speed rises, the temperature difference between the solar cell and the ambient decreases.

In this paper, to convert the voltage of green energy sources and overcome their low output voltage problem, a high step-up interleaved SEPIC converter without a coupled-inductor is suggested. The converter introduces various advantages, which can aid in reducing the voltage stress on the converter switches and providing zero current switching conditions for all switches and diodes. Also, the control system's operation is not complicated, and due to not using a coupled-inductor, the converter's input current ripple is low, increasing the solar cell's or fuel cell's lifetime. The analysis of the converter and design procedure are stated. The converter is simulated in the PSpice software, and to prove the correctness of the analysis, a prototype of the converter has been made in the laboratory. The experimental results of the prototype confirm the theoretical analysis of the converter.

High gain Balun-low-noise-amplifier (LNA) is proposed for tuner of digital televisions (DTVs). The proposed Balun-LNA is based on CS-CG (common-source-common-gate) structure. To improve the isolasion and frequency response, Balun-LNA has cascode transistors before load resistors. Balun-LNA uses current-bleeding circuit to increasie transconductance of CS transistor, so that current-bleeding transistor has transconductance of N-1 times larger than transconductance of cascode transistor. Thereby, transconductance and current of CS transistor are increased N times, as N-1 times of current pass to current-bleeding transistor. Therefore current of CG and CS stages stay identical. Also, Balun-LNA employs a positive feedback to satisfy input impedance matching and CG transistor has higher transconductance. By increasing transconductance of CS and CG transistors, the proposed Balun-LNA achieves to high voltage gain. Accordingly, CG and CS tansistors have symmetrical currents and loads at the differential output of the proposed Balun-LNA. Symmetrical loads cause the balanced differential outputs. This proposed Balun-LNA is designed in 90-nm CMOS technology and covers the frequency range of 40 MHz to 1GHz. This Balun-LNA achieves the voltage gain of 22.6 dB, S11 of less than -10 dB and the Minimum NF of 5 dB. This Balun-LNA operates at the nominal supply voltage of 2.2v.

Abstract: We purpose a hybrid energy harvester made of silicon solar cell, piezoelectric and thermoelectric. Our simulations are carried out using the COMSOL software. For this purpose, MEMS, heat transfer and electromagnetic modules were used. We connected nine piezoelectric, one thermoelectric and one solar cell modules in series to maximize the harvested energy and provide the appropriate voltage level. It is observed that the maximum electric current and voltage is about 200mA and 5V, respectively, which is equivalent to approximately 1W. The total obtained energy was amplified by two DC/DC converters and the voltage level increased to 5V.  Also, we theoretically proved that the use of an optical window (as top and bottom contact layers) based on photonic multilayer can control surface reflection. It is found that if we use two contact layers in the front and back of the solar cell, the transmittance increases from 33% (without contact layer) to 67% (with double contact layer).